Open Bankruptcy Project

SCALES Collaboration Briefing
Prepared April 3, 2026

What We Built

The Open Bankruptcy Project started when a Chapter 11 debtor in Kansas City taught himself Python to investigate his own attorney. It grew into a national-scale court data research platform - built entirely on publicly available federal court records, including PACER data accessed through infrastructure that SCALES helped make possible.

4.9M FJC cases loaded (all 94 districts)
347 Python analysis tools
139 Educational domains
2,353 Pages of free legal information

The Discovery That Started It All

Using FJC public release data (37.9M rows, both the IDB main and supplementary files), we cross-referenced two fields that had never been systematically compared: prior filing history and case disposition.

Finding: 391,951 bankruptcy cases involving prior filers received a discharge with no evidence of 11 U.S.C. § 1328(f) eligibility verification. This represents 27.4% of all prior filers with known dispositions - a national compliance gap hiding in the government's own data.

The aggregate data showing the problem is free (FJC). The verification data that would confirm actual violations is behind the PACER paywall. That's the access-to-justice problem in one example: a federal rules committee is now acting on data that requires paid access to verify.

Policy Impact

March 17, 2026
Submitted suggestion to Advisory Committee on Bankruptcy Rules via uscourts.gov public comment process
March 23, 2026
Accepted as No. 26-BK-3 - forwarded to Advisory Committee and Standing Committee chairs and reporters. Proposes Rule 4004 amendment requiring discharge eligibility verification.
March 27, 2026
Published on uscourts.gov under "Pending Suggestions," listed as 26-BK-3, Rule 4004, pending consideration.
April 3, 2026
Cited in Advisory Committee agenda book. The Consumer Subcommittee memo to the full Advisory Committee on Bankruptcy Rules (Tab 4C, page 125) cites Suggestion 26-BK-3 in its analysis of Rule 4004, noting that OBP's data shows courts are granting discharges to ineligible debtors under 1328(f). The memo recommends the committee consider asking the FJC to study the problem - the same study OBP has already conducted using FJC's own public data.

A non-lawyer used publicly available court data to identify a systemic compliance gap, and a federal rules committee accepted it for formal consideration. That pipeline - from raw PACER data to policy action - is what OBP exists to replicate at scale.

The Toolkit

All tools are open-source Python, running against SQLite databases built from FJC and PACER data.

CapabilityWhat It Does
Attorney ScorecardMulti-dimensional analysis of any bankruptcy attorney: dismissal rates, timing patterns, fee extraction, client outcomes vs. district norms
Blind Outlier DetectionIdentifies statistical anomalies without specifying a target - the tool finds the outliers, not the user
ML Mill ProbabilityRandom forest classifier trained on known mill indicators: case volume, dismissal timing, fee patterns, prior-filer rates
District ComparisonBenchmarks any attorney or firm against their district's baseline across 15+ metrics
1328(f) ScreenerLive web tool (1328f.com) - checks individual cases for discharge eligibility violations. Ranking nationally for "bankruptcy discharge screener"
Deep Docket MiningAutomated PACER docket analysis: extracts fees, timelines, dispositions, and attorney behavior patterns from raw HTML
National Audit Tool9-screen Madoff-inspired audit across all 94 districts: identifies firms with high volume + high dismissal + high fees simultaneously

The Bankruptcy Transparency Network

139 domains. 2,353 pages. Zero hosting cost (all GitHub Pages). Built in under three weeks. Every major bankruptcy statute, concept, and consumer question has a dedicated educational site with FAQ schema, cross-links, and plain-language explanations.

Key properties:

Google Analytics (3/26 - 4/2): 6,007 sessions from 5,992 users in the first 7 days of tracking. Peak day: 1,320 sessions.

Where SCALES and OBP Intersect

OBP is a use case that demonstrates the full SCALES thesis: free court data, enriched with computational tools, in the hands of the public, producing policy outcomes.

SCALES MissionOBP Implementation
Make federal court records free1328(f) screener serves free case lookups; all tools open-source
Enrich records with NLP/AI347 Python tools extract structured data from raw PACER filings
Enable systematic research4.9M-case FJC database; reproducible methodology anyone can run
Bridge research and policy26-BK-3 accepted by federal rules committee
People-first court data framework139 consumer-facing educational sites translating court data into plain language

Academic Engagement

Ahead of the Federal Judiciary's Own Research

On April 15, 2026, the Advisory Committee on Bankruptcy Rules meets in Charlotte, NC. Agenda Item 4C considers amendments to Rule 4004 - and the Consumer Subcommittee's memo cites Suggestion 26-BK-3 by name, noting that "some courts, in the absence of a motion, nevertheless grant discharges to debtors who are ineligible under 1328(f)."

The memo recommends the committee consider asking the Federal Judicial Center to study courts' discharge practices. OBP has already conducted that study using the FJC's own public release data - 37.9 million rows, cross-referencing prior filing history against case disposition across all 94 federal districts. The 391,951-case finding provides the empirical foundation that the committee's own research arm has not yet produced.

Two sitting federal judges (Connelly and Kahn) independently submitted the parent suggestion (25-BK-N) arguing Rule 4004 is inconsistent with the statute. OBP's data was cross-referenced to their suggestion and provides the national-scale evidence supporting their judicial concern.

Research Opportunities

  1. National 1328(f) verification study - the 391,951 figure identifies the pool; systematic PACER docket pulls would determine actual violation counts by district. Publishable, policy-relevant, and directly tied to 26-BK-3.
  2. Attorney behavior pattern analysis - OBP's toolkit detects statistical outliers at the attorney level. SCALES' NLP enrichment could automate extraction of fee data, motion patterns, and outcome distributions at national scale.
  3. State court expansion - OBP's methodology is federal-only today. SCALES' state court work (Georgia, Washington) opens a dimension where the same consumer protection gaps likely exist but have never been measured.
  4. People-first data framework validation - OBP's 139-domain network is a live experiment in translating court data for public consumption. Usage data from 6,000+ users in the first week could inform SCALES' own accessibility research.

About the Builder

The founder of OBP is a small business owner in Kansas City with no law degree, no CS degree, and no academic affiliation. He taught himself Python in 2024 while navigating a Chapter 11 bankruptcy as a pro se debtor. He built the entire platform - 347 tools, 4.9 million cases, 139 domains, a federal rules suggestion - in under 12 months, working nights and weekends while running his business and managing an active bankruptcy case.

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